import requests
import json Introduction to API Querying
In today’s digital world, being able to access and work with online data is a valuable skill, even in the Humanities and Social Sciences. This session is all about getting comfortable with APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) and understanding why they’re useful for research. You’ll learn how APIs compare to other ways of getting data, like text mining and web scraping, and how to tell if a website has an API you can use. We’ll walk through how to make a request to an API, use parameters to get the exact data you want, and understand the responses you get back (usually in JSON format). By the end, you’ll have hands-on experience using APIs to gather and explore data for your own projects.
Let’s get started by importing the libraries that we will be using:
Let’s explore the requests and json libraries using the Help function:
help(requests)Help on package requests:
NAME
requests
DESCRIPTION
Requests HTTP Library
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Requests is an HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings.
Basic GET usage:
>>> import requests
>>> r = requests.get('https://www.python.org')
>>> r.status_code
200
>>> b'Python is a programming language' in r.content
True
... or POST:
>>> payload = dict(key1='value1', key2='value2')
>>> r = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
>>> print(r.text)
{
...
"form": {
"key1": "value1",
"key2": "value2"
},
...
}
The other HTTP methods are supported - see `requests.api`. Full documentation
is at <https://requests.readthedocs.io>.
:copyright: (c) 2017 by Kenneth Reitz.
:license: Apache 2.0, see LICENSE for more details.
PACKAGE CONTENTS
__version__
_internal_utils
adapters
api
auth
certs
compat
cookies
exceptions
help
hooks
models
packages
sessions
status_codes
structures
utils
FUNCTIONS
check_compatibility(
urllib3_version,
chardet_version,
charset_normalizer_version
)
DATA
__author_email__ = 'me@kennethreitz.org'
__build__ = 143875
__cake__ = '✨ 🍰 ✨'
__copyright__ = 'Copyright Kenneth Reitz'
__description__ = 'Python HTTP for Humans.'
__license__ = 'Apache-2.0'
__title__ = 'requests'
__url__ = 'https://requests.readthedocs.io'
chardet_version = None
charset_normalizer_version = '3.4.2'
codes = <lookup 'status_codes'>
VERSION
2.32.3
AUTHOR
Kenneth Reitz
FILE
/usr/lib/python3.13/site-packages/requests/__init__.py
help(json)Help on package json:
NAME
json
MODULE REFERENCE
https://docs.python.org/3.13/library/json.html
The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
source files. It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
implementations. When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
location listed above.
DESCRIPTION
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) <https://json.org> is a subset of
JavaScript syntax (ECMA-262 3rd edition) used as a lightweight data
interchange format.
:mod:`json` exposes an API familiar to users of the standard library
:mod:`marshal` and :mod:`pickle` modules. It is derived from a
version of the externally maintained simplejson library.
Encoding basic Python object hierarchies::
>>> import json
>>> json.dumps(['foo', {'bar': ('baz', None, 1.0, 2)}])
'["foo", {"bar": ["baz", null, 1.0, 2]}]'
>>> print(json.dumps("\"foo\bar"))
"\"foo\bar"
>>> print(json.dumps('\u1234'))
"\u1234"
>>> print(json.dumps('\\'))
"\\"
>>> print(json.dumps({"c": 0, "b": 0, "a": 0}, sort_keys=True))
{"a": 0, "b": 0, "c": 0}
>>> from io import StringIO
>>> io = StringIO()
>>> json.dump(['streaming API'], io)
>>> io.getvalue()
'["streaming API"]'
Compact encoding::
>>> import json
>>> mydict = {'4': 5, '6': 7}
>>> json.dumps([1,2,3,mydict], separators=(',', ':'))
'[1,2,3,{"4":5,"6":7}]'
Pretty printing::
>>> import json
>>> print(json.dumps({'4': 5, '6': 7}, sort_keys=True, indent=4))
{
"4": 5,
"6": 7
}
Decoding JSON::
>>> import json
>>> obj = ['foo', {'bar': ['baz', None, 1.0, 2]}]
>>> json.loads('["foo", {"bar":["baz", null, 1.0, 2]}]') == obj
True
>>> json.loads('"\\"foo\\bar"') == '"foo\x08ar'
True
>>> from io import StringIO
>>> io = StringIO('["streaming API"]')
>>> json.load(io)[0] == 'streaming API'
True
Specializing JSON object decoding::
>>> import json
>>> def as_complex(dct):
... if '__complex__' in dct:
... return complex(dct['real'], dct['imag'])
... return dct
...
>>> json.loads('{"__complex__": true, "real": 1, "imag": 2}',
... object_hook=as_complex)
(1+2j)
>>> from decimal import Decimal
>>> json.loads('1.1', parse_float=Decimal) == Decimal('1.1')
True
Specializing JSON object encoding::
>>> import json
>>> def encode_complex(obj):
... if isinstance(obj, complex):
... return [obj.real, obj.imag]
... raise TypeError(f'Object of type {obj.__class__.__name__} '
... f'is not JSON serializable')
...
>>> json.dumps(2 + 1j, default=encode_complex)
'[2.0, 1.0]'
>>> json.JSONEncoder(default=encode_complex).encode(2 + 1j)
'[2.0, 1.0]'
>>> ''.join(json.JSONEncoder(default=encode_complex).iterencode(2 + 1j))
'[2.0, 1.0]'
Using json.tool from the shell to validate and pretty-print::
$ echo '{"json":"obj"}' | python -m json.tool
{
"json": "obj"
}
$ echo '{ 1.2:3.4}' | python -m json.tool
Expecting property name enclosed in double quotes: line 1 column 3 (char 2)
PACKAGE CONTENTS
decoder
encoder
scanner
tool
CLASSES
builtins.ValueError(builtins.Exception)
json.decoder.JSONDecodeError
builtins.object
json.decoder.JSONDecoder
json.encoder.JSONEncoder
class JSONDecodeError(builtins.ValueError)
| JSONDecodeError(msg, doc, pos)
|
| Subclass of ValueError with the following additional properties:
|
| msg: The unformatted error message
| doc: The JSON document being parsed
| pos: The start index of doc where parsing failed
| lineno: The line corresponding to pos
| colno: The column corresponding to pos
|
| Method resolution order:
| JSONDecodeError
| builtins.ValueError
| builtins.Exception
| builtins.BaseException
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, msg, doc, pos)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(self)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from builtins.ValueError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.ValueError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(self, object, /)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(self, object, /)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(self, object, /)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class JSONDecoder(builtins.object)
| JSONDecoder(
| *,
| object_hook=None,
| parse_float=None,
| parse_int=None,
| parse_constant=None,
| strict=True,
| object_pairs_hook=None
| )
|
| Simple JSON <https://json.org> decoder
|
| Performs the following translations in decoding by default:
|
| +---------------+-------------------+
| | JSON | Python |
| +===============+===================+
| | object | dict |
| +---------------+-------------------+
| | array | list |
| +---------------+-------------------+
| | string | str |
| +---------------+-------------------+
| | number (int) | int |
| +---------------+-------------------+
| | number (real) | float |
| +---------------+-------------------+
| | true | True |
| +---------------+-------------------+
| | false | False |
| +---------------+-------------------+
| | null | None |
| +---------------+-------------------+
|
| It also understands ``NaN``, ``Infinity``, and ``-Infinity`` as
| their corresponding ``float`` values, which is outside the JSON spec.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(
| self,
| *,
| object_hook=None,
| parse_float=None,
| parse_int=None,
| parse_constant=None,
| strict=True,
| object_pairs_hook=None
| )
| ``object_hook``, if specified, will be called with the result
| of every JSON object decoded and its return value will be used in
| place of the given ``dict``. This can be used to provide custom
| deserializations (e.g. to support JSON-RPC class hinting).
|
| ``object_pairs_hook``, if specified will be called with the result of
| every JSON object decoded with an ordered list of pairs. The return
| value of ``object_pairs_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``.
| This feature can be used to implement custom decoders.
| If ``object_hook`` is also defined, the ``object_pairs_hook`` takes
| priority.
|
| ``parse_float``, if specified, will be called with the string
| of every JSON float to be decoded. By default this is equivalent to
| float(num_str). This can be used to use another datatype or parser
| for JSON floats (e.g. decimal.Decimal).
|
| ``parse_int``, if specified, will be called with the string
| of every JSON int to be decoded. By default this is equivalent to
| int(num_str). This can be used to use another datatype or parser
| for JSON integers (e.g. float).
|
| ``parse_constant``, if specified, will be called with one of the
| following strings: -Infinity, Infinity, NaN.
| This can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers
| are encountered.
|
| If ``strict`` is false (true is the default), then control
| characters will be allowed inside strings. Control characters in
| this context are those with character codes in the 0-31 range,
| including ``'\t'`` (tab), ``'\n'``, ``'\r'`` and ``'\0'``.
|
| decode(
| self,
| s,
| _w=<built-in method match of re.Pattern object at 0x7f7900714a00>
| )
| Return the Python representation of ``s`` (a ``str`` instance
| containing a JSON document).
|
| raw_decode(self, s, idx=0)
| Decode a JSON document from ``s`` (a ``str`` beginning with
| a JSON document) and return a 2-tuple of the Python
| representation and the index in ``s`` where the document ended.
|
| This can be used to decode a JSON document from a string that may
| have extraneous data at the end.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
class JSONEncoder(builtins.object)
| JSONEncoder(
| *,
| skipkeys=False,
| ensure_ascii=True,
| check_circular=True,
| allow_nan=True,
| sort_keys=False,
| indent=None,
| separators=None,
| default=None
| )
|
| Extensible JSON <https://json.org> encoder for Python data structures.
|
| Supports the following objects and types by default:
|
| +-------------------+---------------+
| | Python | JSON |
| +===================+===============+
| | dict | object |
| +-------------------+---------------+
| | list, tuple | array |
| +-------------------+---------------+
| | str | string |
| +-------------------+---------------+
| | int, float | number |
| +-------------------+---------------+
| | True | true |
| +-------------------+---------------+
| | False | false |
| +-------------------+---------------+
| | None | null |
| +-------------------+---------------+
|
| To extend this to recognize other objects, subclass and implement a
| ``.default()`` method with another method that returns a serializable
| object for ``o`` if possible, otherwise it should call the superclass
| implementation (to raise ``TypeError``).
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(
| self,
| *,
| skipkeys=False,
| ensure_ascii=True,
| check_circular=True,
| allow_nan=True,
| sort_keys=False,
| indent=None,
| separators=None,
| default=None
| )
| Constructor for JSONEncoder, with sensible defaults.
|
| If skipkeys is false, then it is a TypeError to attempt
| encoding of keys that are not str, int, float, bool or None.
| If skipkeys is True, such items are simply skipped.
|
| If ensure_ascii is true, the output is guaranteed to be str
| objects with all incoming non-ASCII characters escaped. If
| ensure_ascii is false, the output can contain non-ASCII characters.
|
| If check_circular is true, then lists, dicts, and custom encoded
| objects will be checked for circular references during encoding to
| prevent an infinite recursion (which would cause an RecursionError).
| Otherwise, no such check takes place.
|
| If allow_nan is true, then NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity will be
| encoded as such. This behavior is not JSON specification compliant,
| but is consistent with most JavaScript based encoders and decoders.
| Otherwise, it will be a ValueError to encode such floats.
|
| If sort_keys is true, then the output of dictionaries will be
| sorted by key; this is useful for regression tests to ensure
| that JSON serializations can be compared on a day-to-day basis.
|
| If indent is a non-negative integer, then JSON array
| elements and object members will be pretty-printed with that
| indent level. An indent level of 0 will only insert newlines.
| None is the most compact representation.
|
| If specified, separators should be an (item_separator, key_separator)
| tuple. The default is (', ', ': ') if *indent* is ``None`` and
| (',', ': ') otherwise. To get the most compact JSON representation,
| you should specify (',', ':') to eliminate whitespace.
|
| If specified, default is a function that gets called for objects
| that can't otherwise be serialized. It should return a JSON encodable
| version of the object or raise a ``TypeError``.
|
| default(self, o)
| Implement this method in a subclass such that it returns
| a serializable object for ``o``, or calls the base implementation
| (to raise a ``TypeError``).
|
| For example, to support arbitrary iterators, you could
| implement default like this::
|
| def default(self, o):
| try:
| iterable = iter(o)
| except TypeError:
| pass
| else:
| return list(iterable)
| # Let the base class default method raise the TypeError
| return super().default(o)
|
| encode(self, o)
| Return a JSON string representation of a Python data structure.
|
| >>> from json.encoder import JSONEncoder
| >>> JSONEncoder().encode({"foo": ["bar", "baz"]})
| '{"foo": ["bar", "baz"]}'
|
| iterencode(self, o, _one_shot=False)
| Encode the given object and yield each string
| representation as available.
|
| For example::
|
| for chunk in JSONEncoder().iterencode(bigobject):
| mysocket.write(chunk)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| item_separator = ', '
|
| key_separator = ': '
FUNCTIONS
dump(
obj,
fp,
*,
skipkeys=False,
ensure_ascii=True,
check_circular=True,
allow_nan=True,
cls=None,
indent=None,
separators=None,
default=None,
sort_keys=False,
**kw
)
Serialize ``obj`` as a JSON formatted stream to ``fp`` (a
``.write()``-supporting file-like object).
If ``skipkeys`` is true then ``dict`` keys that are not basic types
(``str``, ``int``, ``float``, ``bool``, ``None``) will be skipped
instead of raising a ``TypeError``.
If ``ensure_ascii`` is false, then the strings written to ``fp`` can
contain non-ASCII characters if they appear in strings contained in
``obj``. Otherwise, all such characters are escaped in JSON strings.
If ``check_circular`` is false, then the circular reference check
for container types will be skipped and a circular reference will
result in an ``RecursionError`` (or worse).
If ``allow_nan`` is false, then it will be a ``ValueError`` to
serialize out of range ``float`` values (``nan``, ``inf``, ``-inf``)
in strict compliance of the JSON specification, instead of using the
JavaScript equivalents (``NaN``, ``Infinity``, ``-Infinity``).
If ``indent`` is a non-negative integer, then JSON array elements and
object members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent
level of 0 will only insert newlines. ``None`` is the most compact
representation.
If specified, ``separators`` should be an ``(item_separator, key_separator)``
tuple. The default is ``(', ', ': ')`` if *indent* is ``None`` and
``(',', ': ')`` otherwise. To get the most compact JSON representation,
you should specify ``(',', ':')`` to eliminate whitespace.
``default(obj)`` is a function that should return a serializable version
of obj or raise TypeError. The default simply raises TypeError.
If *sort_keys* is true (default: ``False``), then the output of
dictionaries will be sorted by key.
To use a custom ``JSONEncoder`` subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
``.default()`` method to serialize additional types), specify it with
the ``cls`` kwarg; otherwise ``JSONEncoder`` is used.
dumps(
obj,
*,
skipkeys=False,
ensure_ascii=True,
check_circular=True,
allow_nan=True,
cls=None,
indent=None,
separators=None,
default=None,
sort_keys=False,
**kw
)
Serialize ``obj`` to a JSON formatted ``str``.
If ``skipkeys`` is true then ``dict`` keys that are not basic types
(``str``, ``int``, ``float``, ``bool``, ``None``) will be skipped
instead of raising a ``TypeError``.
If ``ensure_ascii`` is false, then the return value can contain non-ASCII
characters if they appear in strings contained in ``obj``. Otherwise, all
such characters are escaped in JSON strings.
If ``check_circular`` is false, then the circular reference check
for container types will be skipped and a circular reference will
result in an ``RecursionError`` (or worse).
If ``allow_nan`` is false, then it will be a ``ValueError`` to
serialize out of range ``float`` values (``nan``, ``inf``, ``-inf``) in
strict compliance of the JSON specification, instead of using the
JavaScript equivalents (``NaN``, ``Infinity``, ``-Infinity``).
If ``indent`` is a non-negative integer, then JSON array elements and
object members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent
level of 0 will only insert newlines. ``None`` is the most compact
representation.
If specified, ``separators`` should be an ``(item_separator, key_separator)``
tuple. The default is ``(', ', ': ')`` if *indent* is ``None`` and
``(',', ': ')`` otherwise. To get the most compact JSON representation,
you should specify ``(',', ':')`` to eliminate whitespace.
``default(obj)`` is a function that should return a serializable version
of obj or raise TypeError. The default simply raises TypeError.
If *sort_keys* is true (default: ``False``), then the output of
dictionaries will be sorted by key.
To use a custom ``JSONEncoder`` subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
``.default()`` method to serialize additional types), specify it with
the ``cls`` kwarg; otherwise ``JSONEncoder`` is used.
load(
fp,
*,
cls=None,
object_hook=None,
parse_float=None,
parse_int=None,
parse_constant=None,
object_pairs_hook=None,
**kw
)
Deserialize ``fp`` (a ``.read()``-supporting file-like object containing
a JSON document) to a Python object.
``object_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
result of any object literal decode (a ``dict``). The return value of
``object_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``. This feature
can be used to implement custom decoders (e.g. JSON-RPC class hinting).
``object_pairs_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
result of any object literal decoded with an ordered list of pairs. The
return value of ``object_pairs_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``.
This feature can be used to implement custom decoders. If ``object_hook``
is also defined, the ``object_pairs_hook`` takes priority.
To use a custom ``JSONDecoder`` subclass, specify it with the ``cls``
kwarg; otherwise ``JSONDecoder`` is used.
loads(
s,
*,
cls=None,
object_hook=None,
parse_float=None,
parse_int=None,
parse_constant=None,
object_pairs_hook=None,
**kw
)
Deserialize ``s`` (a ``str``, ``bytes`` or ``bytearray`` instance
containing a JSON document) to a Python object.
``object_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
result of any object literal decode (a ``dict``). The return value of
``object_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``. This feature
can be used to implement custom decoders (e.g. JSON-RPC class hinting).
``object_pairs_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
result of any object literal decoded with an ordered list of pairs. The
return value of ``object_pairs_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``.
This feature can be used to implement custom decoders. If ``object_hook``
is also defined, the ``object_pairs_hook`` takes priority.
``parse_float``, if specified, will be called with the string
of every JSON float to be decoded. By default this is equivalent to
float(num_str). This can be used to use another datatype or parser
for JSON floats (e.g. decimal.Decimal).
``parse_int``, if specified, will be called with the string
of every JSON int to be decoded. By default this is equivalent to
int(num_str). This can be used to use another datatype or parser
for JSON integers (e.g. float).
``parse_constant``, if specified, will be called with one of the
following strings: -Infinity, Infinity, NaN.
This can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers
are encountered.
To use a custom ``JSONDecoder`` subclass, specify it with the ``cls``
kwarg; otherwise ``JSONDecoder`` is used.
DATA
__all__ = ['dump', 'dumps', 'load', 'loads', 'JSONDecoder', 'JSONDecod...
VERSION
2.0.9
AUTHOR
Bob Ippolito <bob@redivi.com>
FILE
/usr/lib/python3.13/json/__init__.py
Let’s get started with some hands-on API querying!
For our first example, we’ll use an easy-to-understand API from catfact.ninja, a site that serves up random cat facts, perfect for learning the basics in a fun way.
1. Create a variable for base URL
Let’s do a simple request and see what we get:
base_url = 'https://catfact.ninja/facts'
requests.get(base_url)<Response [200]>2. Create a variable for the cat facts response
cat_facts = requests.get(base_url)Let’s explore the ‘responses’ library:
cat_facts.status_code200cat_facts.text'{"current_page":1,"data":[{"fact":"Unlike dogs, cats do not have a sweet tooth. Scientists believe this is due to a mutation in a key taste receptor.","length":114},{"fact":"When a cat chases its prey, it keeps its head level. Dogs and humans bob their heads up and down.","length":97},{"fact":"The technical term for a cat\\u2019s hairball is a \\u201cbezoar.\\u201d","length":54},{"fact":"A group of cats is called a \\u201cclowder.\\u201d","length":38},{"fact":"A cat can\\u2019t climb head first down a tree because every claw on a cat\\u2019s paw points the same way. To get down from a tree, a cat must back down.","length":142},{"fact":"Cats make about 100 different sounds. Dogs make only about 10.","length":62},{"fact":"Every year, nearly four million cats are eaten in Asia.","length":55},{"fact":"There are more than 500 million domestic cats in the world, with approximately 40 recognized breeds.","length":100},{"fact":"Approximately 24 cat skins can make a coat.","length":43},{"fact":"While it is commonly thought that the ancient Egyptians were the first to domesticate cats, the oldest known pet cat was recently found in a 9,500-year-old grave on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus. This grave predates early Egyptian art depicting cats by 4,000 years or more.","length":278}],"first_page_url":"https:\\/\\/catfact.ninja\\/facts?page=1","from":1,"last_page":34,"last_page_url":"https:\\/\\/catfact.ninja\\/facts?page=34","links":[{"url":null,"label":"Previous","active":false},{"url":"https:\\/\\/catfact.ninja\\/facts?page=1","label":"1","active":true},{"url":"https:\\/\\/catfact.ninja\\/facts?page=2","label":"2","active":false},{"url":"https:\\/\\/catfact.ninja\\/facts?page=3","label":"3","active":false},{"url":"https:\\/\\/catfact.ninja\\/facts?page=4","label":"4","active":false},{"url":"https:\\/\\/catfact.ninja\\/facts?page=5","label":"5","active":false},{"url":"https:\\/\\/catfact.ninja\\/facts?page=6","label":"6","active":false},{"url":"https:\\/\\/catfact.ninja\\/facts?page=7","label":"7","active":false},{"url":"https:\\/\\/catfact.ninja\\/facts?page=8","label":"8","active":false},{"url":"https:\\/\\/catfact.ninja\\/facts?page=9","label":"9","active":false},{"url":"https:\\/\\/catfact.ninja\\/facts?page=10","label":"10","active":false},{"url":null,"label":"...","active":false},{"url":"https:\\/\\/catfact.ninja\\/facts?page=33","label":"33","active":false},{"url":"https:\\/\\/catfact.ninja\\/facts?page=34","label":"34","active":false},{"url":"https:\\/\\/catfact.ninja\\/facts?page=2","label":"Next","active":false}],"next_page_url":"https:\\/\\/catfact.ninja\\/facts?page=2","path":"https:\\/\\/catfact.ninja\\/facts","per_page":10,"prev_page_url":null,"to":10,"total":332}'The output for the .text function is actually JSON (Javascript object notation). If we apply a JSON method we can export this as a dictionary, which will be much easier for us to work with:
cat_facts.json(){'current_page': 1,
'data': [{'fact': 'Unlike dogs, cats do not have a sweet tooth. Scientists believe this is due to a mutation in a key taste receptor.',
'length': 114},
{'fact': 'When a cat chases its prey, it keeps its head level. Dogs and humans bob their heads up and down.',
'length': 97},
{'fact': 'The technical term for a cat’s hairball is a “bezoar.”',
'length': 54},
{'fact': 'A group of cats is called a “clowder.”', 'length': 38},
{'fact': 'A cat can’t climb head first down a tree because every claw on a cat’s paw points the same way. To get down from a tree, a cat must back down.',
'length': 142},
{'fact': 'Cats make about 100 different sounds. Dogs make only about 10.',
'length': 62},
{'fact': 'Every year, nearly four million cats are eaten in Asia.',
'length': 55},
{'fact': 'There are more than 500 million domestic cats in the world, with approximately 40 recognized breeds.',
'length': 100},
{'fact': 'Approximately 24 cat skins can make a coat.', 'length': 43},
{'fact': 'While it is commonly thought that the ancient Egyptians were the first to domesticate cats, the oldest known pet cat was recently found in a 9,500-year-old grave on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus. This grave predates early Egyptian art depicting cats by 4,000 years or more.',
'length': 278}],
'first_page_url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=1',
'from': 1,
'last_page': 34,
'last_page_url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=34',
'links': [{'url': None, 'label': 'Previous', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=1', 'label': '1', 'active': True},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=2', 'label': '2', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=3', 'label': '3', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=4', 'label': '4', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=5', 'label': '5', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=6', 'label': '6', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=7', 'label': '7', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=8', 'label': '8', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=9', 'label': '9', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=10',
'label': '10',
'active': False},
{'url': None, 'label': '...', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=33',
'label': '33',
'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=34',
'label': '34',
'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=2',
'label': 'Next',
'active': False}],
'next_page_url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=2',
'path': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts',
'per_page': 10,
'prev_page_url': None,
'to': 10,
'total': 332}3. Querying parameters
requests.get(base_url+"?limit=50")<Response [200]>Let’s create a variable to save this parameter:
many_cat_facts = requests.get(base_url+"?limit=5")
many_cat_facts.json(){'current_page': 1,
'data': [{'fact': 'Unlike dogs, cats do not have a sweet tooth. Scientists believe this is due to a mutation in a key taste receptor.',
'length': 114},
{'fact': 'When a cat chases its prey, it keeps its head level. Dogs and humans bob their heads up and down.',
'length': 97},
{'fact': 'The technical term for a cat’s hairball is a “bezoar.”',
'length': 54},
{'fact': 'A group of cats is called a “clowder.”', 'length': 38},
{'fact': 'A cat can’t climb head first down a tree because every claw on a cat’s paw points the same way. To get down from a tree, a cat must back down.',
'length': 142}],
'first_page_url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=1',
'from': 1,
'last_page': 67,
'last_page_url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=67',
'links': [{'url': None, 'label': 'Previous', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=1', 'label': '1', 'active': True},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=2', 'label': '2', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=3', 'label': '3', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=4', 'label': '4', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=5', 'label': '5', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=6', 'label': '6', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=7', 'label': '7', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=8', 'label': '8', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=9', 'label': '9', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=10',
'label': '10',
'active': False},
{'url': None, 'label': '...', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=66',
'label': '66',
'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=67',
'label': '67',
'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=2',
'label': 'Next',
'active': False}],
'next_page_url': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts?page=2',
'path': 'https://catfact.ninja/facts',
'per_page': 5,
'prev_page_url': None,
'to': 5,
'total': 332}Exercise 1:
Query the /breeds attribute and limit our results to 10.
base_url_breeds = "https://catfact.ninja/breeds"
cat_breeds = requests.get(base_url_breeds)
cat_breeds<Response [200]>cat_breeds_limit = requests.get(base_url_breeds+"?limit=1")
cat_breeds_limit.json(){'current_page': 1,
'data': [{'breed': 'Abyssinian',
'country': 'Ethiopia',
'origin': 'Natural/Standard',
'coat': 'Short',
'pattern': 'Ticked'}],
'first_page_url': 'https://catfact.ninja/breeds?page=1',
'from': 1,
'last_page': 98,
'last_page_url': 'https://catfact.ninja/breeds?page=98',
'links': [{'url': None, 'label': 'Previous', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/breeds?page=1', 'label': '1', 'active': True},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/breeds?page=2',
'label': '2',
'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/breeds?page=3',
'label': '3',
'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/breeds?page=4',
'label': '4',
'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/breeds?page=5',
'label': '5',
'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/breeds?page=6',
'label': '6',
'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/breeds?page=7',
'label': '7',
'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/breeds?page=8',
'label': '8',
'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/breeds?page=9',
'label': '9',
'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/breeds?page=10',
'label': '10',
'active': False},
{'url': None, 'label': '...', 'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/breeds?page=97',
'label': '97',
'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/breeds?page=98',
'label': '98',
'active': False},
{'url': 'https://catfact.ninja/breeds?page=2',
'label': 'Next',
'active': False}],
'next_page_url': 'https://catfact.ninja/breeds?page=2',
'path': 'https://catfact.ninja/breeds',
'per_page': 1,
'prev_page_url': None,
'to': 1,
'total': 98}Let’s try another example of API querying—this time with a sci-fi twist!
We’ll be using swapi.info, an API built specifically for exploring data from the Star Wars universe. It’s a great way to practice working with structured data while having a bit of fun with characters, planets, and starships.
Let’s create a variable for the people attributes URL and do a simple request to it:
people_url = "https://swapi.info/api/people"
all_people_api = requests.get(people_url)
all_people_api.json()[{'name': 'Luke Skywalker',
'height': '172',
'mass': '77',
'hair_color': 'blond',
'skin_color': 'fair',
'eye_color': 'blue',
'birth_year': '19BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/1',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/2',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/3',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': ['https://swapi.info/api/vehicles/14',
'https://swapi.info/api/vehicles/30'],
'starships': ['https://swapi.info/api/starships/12',
'https://swapi.info/api/starships/22'],
'created': '2014-12-09T13:50:51.644000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:56.891000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/1'},
{'name': 'C-3PO',
'height': '167',
'mass': '75',
'hair_color': 'n/a',
'skin_color': 'gold',
'eye_color': 'yellow',
'birth_year': '112BBY',
'gender': 'n/a',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/1',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/2',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/3',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/4',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/5',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/2'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-10T15:10:51.357000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.309000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/2'},
{'name': 'R2-D2',
'height': '96',
'mass': '32',
'hair_color': 'n/a',
'skin_color': 'white, blue',
'eye_color': 'red',
'birth_year': '33BBY',
'gender': 'n/a',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/8',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/2',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/3',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/4',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/5',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/2'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-10T15:11:50.376000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.311000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/3'},
{'name': 'Darth Vader',
'height': '202',
'mass': '136',
'hair_color': 'none',
'skin_color': 'white',
'eye_color': 'yellow',
'birth_year': '41.9BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/1',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/2',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/3',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': ['https://swapi.info/api/starships/13'],
'created': '2014-12-10T15:18:20.704000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.313000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/4'},
{'name': 'Leia Organa',
'height': '150',
'mass': '49',
'hair_color': 'brown',
'skin_color': 'light',
'eye_color': 'brown',
'birth_year': '19BBY',
'gender': 'female',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/2',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/2',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/3',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': ['https://swapi.info/api/vehicles/30'],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-10T15:20:09.791000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.315000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/5'},
{'name': 'Owen Lars',
'height': '178',
'mass': '120',
'hair_color': 'brown, grey',
'skin_color': 'light',
'eye_color': 'blue',
'birth_year': '52BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/1',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/5',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-10T15:52:14.024000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.317000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/6'},
{'name': 'Beru Whitesun lars',
'height': '165',
'mass': '75',
'hair_color': 'brown',
'skin_color': 'light',
'eye_color': 'blue',
'birth_year': '47BBY',
'gender': 'female',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/1',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/5',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-10T15:53:41.121000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.319000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/7'},
{'name': 'R5-D4',
'height': '97',
'mass': '32',
'hair_color': 'n/a',
'skin_color': 'white, red',
'eye_color': 'red',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'n/a',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/1',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/2'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-10T15:57:50.959000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.321000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/8'},
{'name': 'Biggs Darklighter',
'height': '183',
'mass': '84',
'hair_color': 'black',
'skin_color': 'light',
'eye_color': 'brown',
'birth_year': '24BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/1',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': ['https://swapi.info/api/starships/12'],
'created': '2014-12-10T15:59:50.509000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.323000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/9'},
{'name': 'Obi-Wan Kenobi',
'height': '182',
'mass': '77',
'hair_color': 'auburn, white',
'skin_color': 'fair',
'eye_color': 'blue-gray',
'birth_year': '57BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/20',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/2',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/3',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/4',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/5',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': ['https://swapi.info/api/vehicles/38'],
'starships': ['https://swapi.info/api/starships/48',
'https://swapi.info/api/starships/59',
'https://swapi.info/api/starships/64',
'https://swapi.info/api/starships/65',
'https://swapi.info/api/starships/74'],
'created': '2014-12-10T16:16:29.192000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.325000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/10'},
{'name': 'Anakin Skywalker',
'height': '188',
'mass': '84',
'hair_color': 'blond',
'skin_color': 'fair',
'eye_color': 'blue',
'birth_year': '41.9BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/1',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/4',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/5',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': ['https://swapi.info/api/vehicles/44',
'https://swapi.info/api/vehicles/46'],
'starships': ['https://swapi.info/api/starships/39',
'https://swapi.info/api/starships/59',
'https://swapi.info/api/starships/65'],
'created': '2014-12-10T16:20:44.310000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.327000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/11'},
{'name': 'Wilhuff Tarkin',
'height': '180',
'mass': 'unknown',
'hair_color': 'auburn, grey',
'skin_color': 'fair',
'eye_color': 'blue',
'birth_year': '64BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/21',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-10T16:26:56.138000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.330000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/12'},
{'name': 'Chewbacca',
'height': '228',
'mass': '112',
'hair_color': 'brown',
'skin_color': 'unknown',
'eye_color': 'blue',
'birth_year': '200BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/14',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/2',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/3',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/3'],
'vehicles': ['https://swapi.info/api/vehicles/19'],
'starships': ['https://swapi.info/api/starships/10',
'https://swapi.info/api/starships/22'],
'created': '2014-12-10T16:42:45.066000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.332000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/13'},
{'name': 'Han Solo',
'height': '180',
'mass': '80',
'hair_color': 'brown',
'skin_color': 'fair',
'eye_color': 'brown',
'birth_year': '29BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/22',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/2',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/3'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': ['https://swapi.info/api/starships/10',
'https://swapi.info/api/starships/22'],
'created': '2014-12-10T16:49:14.582000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.334000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/14'},
{'name': 'Greedo',
'height': '173',
'mass': '74',
'hair_color': 'n/a',
'skin_color': 'green',
'eye_color': 'black',
'birth_year': '44BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/23',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/4'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-10T17:03:30.334000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.336000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/15'},
{'name': 'Jabba Desilijic Tiure',
'height': '175',
'mass': '1,358',
'hair_color': 'n/a',
'skin_color': 'green-tan, brown',
'eye_color': 'orange',
'birth_year': '600BBY',
'gender': 'hermaphrodite',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/24',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/3',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/4'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/5'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-10T17:11:31.638000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.338000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/16'},
{'name': 'Wedge Antilles',
'height': '170',
'mass': '77',
'hair_color': 'brown',
'skin_color': 'fair',
'eye_color': 'hazel',
'birth_year': '21BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/22',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/2',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/3'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': ['https://swapi.info/api/vehicles/14'],
'starships': ['https://swapi.info/api/starships/12'],
'created': '2014-12-12T11:08:06.469000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.341000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/18'},
{'name': 'Jek Tono Porkins',
'height': '180',
'mass': '110',
'hair_color': 'brown',
'skin_color': 'fair',
'eye_color': 'blue',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/26',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': ['https://swapi.info/api/starships/12'],
'created': '2014-12-12T11:16:56.569000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.343000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/19'},
{'name': 'Yoda',
'height': '66',
'mass': '17',
'hair_color': 'white',
'skin_color': 'green',
'eye_color': 'brown',
'birth_year': '896BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/28',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/2',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/3',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/4',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/5',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/6'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-15T12:26:01.042000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.345000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/20'},
{'name': 'Palpatine',
'height': '170',
'mass': '75',
'hair_color': 'grey',
'skin_color': 'pale',
'eye_color': 'yellow',
'birth_year': '82BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/8',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/2',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/3',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/4',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/5',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-15T12:48:05.971000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.347000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/21'},
{'name': 'Boba Fett',
'height': '183',
'mass': '78.2',
'hair_color': 'black',
'skin_color': 'fair',
'eye_color': 'brown',
'birth_year': '31.5BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/10',
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'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/26'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': ['https://swapi.info/api/starships/48'],
'created': '2014-12-20T10:49:19.859000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.439000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/58'},
{'name': 'Mas Amedda',
'height': '196',
'mass': 'unknown',
'hair_color': 'none',
'skin_color': 'blue',
'eye_color': 'blue',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/50',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/4',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/5'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/27'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T10:53:26.457000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.442000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/59'},
{'name': 'Gregar Typho',
'height': '185',
'mass': '85',
'hair_color': 'black',
'skin_color': 'dark',
'eye_color': 'brown',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/8',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': ['https://swapi.info/api/starships/39'],
'created': '2014-12-20T11:10:10.381000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.445000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/60'},
{'name': 'Cordé',
'height': '157',
'mass': 'unknown',
'hair_color': 'brown',
'skin_color': 'light',
'eye_color': 'brown',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'female',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/8',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T11:11:39.630000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.449000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/61'},
{'name': 'Cliegg Lars',
'height': '183',
'mass': 'unknown',
'hair_color': 'brown',
'skin_color': 'fair',
'eye_color': 'blue',
'birth_year': '82BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/1',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T15:59:03.958000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.451000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/62'},
{'name': 'Poggle the Lesser',
'height': '183',
'mass': '80',
'hair_color': 'none',
'skin_color': 'green',
'eye_color': 'yellow',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/11',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/28'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T16:40:43.977000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.453000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/63'},
{'name': 'Luminara Unduli',
'height': '170',
'mass': '56.2',
'hair_color': 'black',
'skin_color': 'yellow',
'eye_color': 'blue',
'birth_year': '58BBY',
'gender': 'female',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/51',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/29'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T16:45:53.668000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.455000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/64'},
{'name': 'Barriss Offee',
'height': '166',
'mass': '50',
'hair_color': 'black',
'skin_color': 'yellow',
'eye_color': 'blue',
'birth_year': '40BBY',
'gender': 'female',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/51',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/29'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T16:46:40.440000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.457000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/65'},
{'name': 'Dormé',
'height': '165',
'mass': 'unknown',
'hair_color': 'brown',
'skin_color': 'light',
'eye_color': 'brown',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'female',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/8',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/1'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T16:49:14.640000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.460000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/66'},
{'name': 'Dooku',
'height': '193',
'mass': '80',
'hair_color': 'white',
'skin_color': 'fair',
'eye_color': 'brown',
'birth_year': '102BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/52',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/1'],
'vehicles': ['https://swapi.info/api/vehicles/55'],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T16:52:14.726000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.462000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/67'},
{'name': 'Bail Prestor Organa',
'height': '191',
'mass': 'unknown',
'hair_color': 'black',
'skin_color': 'tan',
'eye_color': 'brown',
'birth_year': '67BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/2',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/1'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T16:53:08.575000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.463000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/68'},
{'name': 'Jango Fett',
'height': '183',
'mass': '79',
'hair_color': 'black',
'skin_color': 'tan',
'eye_color': 'brown',
'birth_year': '66BBY',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/53',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T16:54:41.620000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.465000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/69'},
{'name': 'Zam Wesell',
'height': '168',
'mass': '55',
'hair_color': 'blonde',
'skin_color': 'fair, green, yellow',
'eye_color': 'yellow',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'female',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/54',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/30'],
'vehicles': ['https://swapi.info/api/vehicles/45'],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T16:57:44.471000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.468000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/70'},
{'name': 'Dexter Jettster',
'height': '198',
'mass': '102',
'hair_color': 'none',
'skin_color': 'brown',
'eye_color': 'yellow',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/55',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/31'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T17:28:27.248000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.470000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/71'},
{'name': 'Lama Su',
'height': '229',
'mass': '88',
'hair_color': 'none',
'skin_color': 'grey',
'eye_color': 'black',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/10',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/32'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T17:30:50.416000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.473000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/72'},
{'name': 'Taun We',
'height': '213',
'mass': 'unknown',
'hair_color': 'none',
'skin_color': 'grey',
'eye_color': 'black',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'female',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/10',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/32'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T17:31:21.195000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.474000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/73'},
{'name': 'Jocasta Nu',
'height': '167',
'mass': 'unknown',
'hair_color': 'white',
'skin_color': 'fair',
'eye_color': 'blue',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'female',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/9',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/1'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T17:32:51.996000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.476000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/74'},
{'name': 'R4-P17',
'height': '96',
'mass': 'unknown',
'hair_color': 'none',
'skin_color': 'silver, red',
'eye_color': 'red, blue',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'female',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/28',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T17:43:36.409000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.478000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/75'},
{'name': 'Wat Tambor',
'height': '193',
'mass': '48',
'hair_color': 'none',
'skin_color': 'green, grey',
'eye_color': 'unknown',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/56',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/33'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T17:53:52.607000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.481000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/76'},
{'name': 'San Hill',
'height': '191',
'mass': 'unknown',
'hair_color': 'none',
'skin_color': 'grey',
'eye_color': 'gold',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/57',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/34'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T17:58:17.049000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.484000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/77'},
{'name': 'Shaak Ti',
'height': '178',
'mass': '57',
'hair_color': 'none',
'skin_color': 'red, blue, white',
'eye_color': 'black',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'female',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/58',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/35'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T18:44:01.103000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.486000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/78'},
{'name': 'Grievous',
'height': '216',
'mass': '159',
'hair_color': 'none',
'skin_color': 'brown, white',
'eye_color': 'green, yellow',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/59',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/36'],
'vehicles': ['https://swapi.info/api/vehicles/60'],
'starships': ['https://swapi.info/api/starships/74'],
'created': '2014-12-20T19:43:53.348000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.488000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/79'},
{'name': 'Tarfful',
'height': '234',
'mass': '136',
'hair_color': 'brown',
'skin_color': 'brown',
'eye_color': 'blue',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/14',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/3'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T19:46:34.209000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.491000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/80'},
{'name': 'Raymus Antilles',
'height': '188',
'mass': '79',
'hair_color': 'brown',
'skin_color': 'light',
'eye_color': 'brown',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/2',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/1',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T19:49:35.583000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.493000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/81'},
{'name': 'Sly Moore',
'height': '178',
'mass': '48',
'hair_color': 'none',
'skin_color': 'pale',
'eye_color': 'white',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'female',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/60',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/5',
'https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': [],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T20:18:37.619000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.496000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/82'},
{'name': 'Tion Medon',
'height': '206',
'mass': '80',
'hair_color': 'none',
'skin_color': 'grey',
'eye_color': 'black',
'birth_year': 'unknown',
'gender': 'male',
'homeworld': 'https://swapi.info/api/planets/12',
'films': ['https://swapi.info/api/films/6'],
'species': ['https://swapi.info/api/species/37'],
'vehicles': [],
'starships': [],
'created': '2014-12-20T20:35:04.260000Z',
'edited': '2014-12-20T21:17:50.498000Z',
'url': 'https://swapi.info/api/people/83'}]Let’s query the People attribute ID 1 by creating a variable
requests.get(people_url+"/1")<Response [200]>first_person_url = "https://swapi.info/api/people/1"
requests.get(first_person_url)<Response [200]>Let’s declare a second variable, called api_url_response:
first_person_response = requests.get(first_person_url)
first_person_info = first_person_response.json()JSON Format
JSON data is formatted in key-value pairs. If you refer to the JSON data, you’ll see that it’s actually a list of keys and their corresponding values. For example, there’s a “birth_year” key whose value is “19BBY” as well as an “eye_color” key whose value is “blue.”
We can refer to the JSON data by its key:
hair = first_person_info["hair_color"]
name = first_person_info["name"]
print(f"{name} \'s hair is: {hair}")Luke Skywalker 's hair is: blondIn the statement above, we are setting a new variable called hair. The variable is composed of the value of the hair_color key, as specified in the data you see in the previous cell.
We also set a variable called name, which is composed of the value of the name key. Then we tell the program to print those values
Exercise 2
Write some code that uses the API to tell us Luke Skywalker’s eye color.
eye_color = first_person_info["eye_color"]
print(f"{name}'s eye color is {eye_color}")Luke Skywalker's eye color is blueExercise 3
Let’s try a different attribute! Choose one from the documentation: swapi.info
Try choosing a specific endpoint associated with an attribute to create a full string.
films_url = "https://swapi.info/api/films"
films_response = requests.get(films_url)
films_response<Response [200]>films--------------------------------------------------------------------------- NameError Traceback (most recent call last) Cell In[20], line 1 ----> 1 films NameError: name 'films' is not defined
films = films_response.json()
film_names = list()
for film in films:
title = film['title']
film_names.append(title)
print("The Star Wars films are:\n")
count = 0
for name in film_names:
count = count + 1
print(f"{count} {name}")The Star Wars films are:
1 A New Hope
2 The Empire Strikes Back
3 Return of the Jedi
4 The Phantom Menace
5 Attack of the Clones
6 Revenge of the Sith